考研阅览每天练(58)身体老化并非不可以避免_Nothing(考研阅读做题)

原标题：考研阅览每天练(58): 身体老化并非不可以避免

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nothing seems more inevitable than aging and death, not even taxes. every plant, animal and person you have ever seen will eventually die, including the person in the mirror. but some recent research suggests that aging as we know it may not be inevitable. indeed, as our understanding of it grows, aging can be seen not as an immutable reality from which there is no escape, but as the product of biological processes that we may be able to control someday.

we already know that some animals do not seem to age. many coldwater ocean fish, some amphibians and the american lobster never reach a feed size; they continue to grow bigger, to be able to reproduce and to live until something kills them. what these creatures seem to be telling us is that something in their genes—and possibly in ours-controls the pace of aging, and that aging is not the fate of every living thing.

throughout the history of life on earth, one of the most common difficulties that animals (and their cells) have faced has been a lack of food. about 70 years ago, scientists discovered that when animals are forced to live on 30 to 40 percent fewer calories than they would normally eat, something unusual happens: they become resistant to most age-related diseases—cancer, heart disease, diabetes, alzheimer’s—and live 30 to 50 percent longer. restricting calories slows aging.

but how? what are the underlying genes that preserve vitality and stave off disease? no one knows for sure why aging occurs, but one important reason is probably the accumulation of dna damage-from radiation, mutation-causing chemicals or, particularly, oxidants. inside every animal cell are many mitochondria-little “power packs” that use oxygen to generate energy. in doing their jobs, however, mitochondria produce chemical byproducts-oxidants-that damage dna and other components inside cells. it may not seem fair, but it’s a fact of life. fortunately, our ceils are not defenseless against such assaults. they have genes that spring into action to defend against dna damage, including genes that repair damaged mitochondria.

about 15 years ago, armed with powerful new molecular-research techniques, a few scientists began to investigate these genetic phenomena. at mit, dr.leonard guarente (along with one of the authors of this piece, david sinclair) discovered that adding an extra copy of a gene called sir2 caused yeast cells to live 30 percent longer. today many researchers suspect that sir2 or other sirtuin genes-which are present in all animals, including humans-are responsible for the health benefits of calorie restriction, perhaps by repairing our dna. but if, in order to kick the sirtuins (一种蛋白质的称号）into action, we had to restrict our calorie intake by 30 to 40 percent, would it be of any practical use? few of us would be capable of restricting our diets so severely that we were constantly hungry: whether or not it made life longer, it would surely make life feel longer.

小试牛刀

1. in paragraph 1, author mentions aging and death to_______.

a.spotlight that aging and death are inevitable

b. state the fact that every creature will die

c. introduce the topic if we can control aging

d.show us that aging is the product of biological processes

2.we can conclude from paragraph 3 that _.

a. some animals do not seem to age

b. when animals live on fewer calories, they will have more diseases

c. because of a lack of food, animals can live longer

d.getting more calories can slow aging

3. according to paragraph 4, which of the following statement is not true?

a. the accumulation of dna damage which is from radiation, mutation has cause our aging

b.inside every creature’s cell, oxygen is used by mitochondria to generate energy.

c.oxidants can damage dna and other components inside cells.

d. our cells can’t resist the assaults, but they can repair damaged mitochondria.

4. what can we learn from the last sentence in paragraph 5?

a.restricting our diets can make our life longer.

b. life will be longer when we don’t feel hungry any more.

c. it is still an unsure method for us to slow aging.

d.if we feel hungry constantly, we can surely live longer.

5. what is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?

a. explain the pr

oblem why death and aging are inevitable.

b.analyse the reason why all creatures will eventually die.

c.talk about whether we can slow aging.

d.introduce how creature preserves vitality and stave off disease.

中心词汇

（向上滑动查看中心词汇）

accumulation [??kjumj??le??n]

n. 积累，堆积物

aging[?ed???]

n. 老化，老到的进程

amphibian[?m?f?bi?n]

n. 丙栖动物

armed[ɑ:rmd]

adj. 有扶手的，配备的， (动物）有防卫器官的

assault [??s?lt]

n. 进犯，突击

byproduct[?ba??prɑd?kt]

n. 副产品

eventually [??v?nt?u?li]

adv. 最终，总算

fate [fet]

n. 天数，命运，命运

intake [??n?tek]

n. 进口， 进口， 通风口， 引人的量

investigate [?n?v?st??ɡet]

v. 查询，研讨

lobster [?lɑ:bst?(r)]

n.龙虾

mitochondria [?ma?to?’kɑ:ndr?r]

n.[生] 线粒体

molecular [m??l?kj?l?]

adj.[化]分子 的，由分子构成的

pace [pe?s]

n. (—) 步，速度，步骤，步法，步态

pack [p?k]

n. 包裹，背包，包装

phenomena [f??nɑm?n?]

n.表象

process [?pro?ses]

n.进程，作用，办法， 程序

resistant [r??z?st?nt]

adj. 反抗的，有反抗力的

restriction [r??str?k??n]

n. 捆绑，捆绑

severely [s??v?rl?]

adv.严肃地，剧烈地

underlying [??nd?r?la???]

adj. 鄙人面的，根 本的，潜在的，优先的

长难句解析

1. indeed, as our understanding of it grows, aging can be seen not as an immutable reality from which there is no escape, but as the product of biological processes that we may be able to control someday.

规划分析：本句是一个复合句。主句是aging can be seen not as…control someday, 一起其本身是一个并排句，but联接前后两个小分句；as our understanding of it grows, 是一个as引导的时刻状语从句；aging can be seen…immutable reality是一 个被逼句；from which引导一个定语从句，来润饰an immutable reality; that引导一个定语从句，来润饰biological processes。

参阅译文：的确，跟着咱们对老化的晓得增多，咱们认为老化并不是一个不能改动、无法躲避的实际，而是一种生化进程的产品，这一进程或许某一天可以被咱们控制。

2.about 70 years ago, scientists discovered that when animals are forced to live on 30 to 40 percent fewer calories than they would normally eat, something unusual happens.

规划分析：本句是一个复合句。主句是about 70 years ago, scientists discovered;that后边引导一个宾语从句.来做discovered的宾语：when animals are forced… normally eat是一个由when引导的时刻状语从句，一起又是一个被逼句；than they would normally eat是一个由than引导的有些省掉的比照状语从句。

参阅译文：大约70年前，科学家发现当动物被逼摄入比正常日子需要少30%到40%的卡路里时，一些新鲜的作业发生了。

3.today many researchers suspect that sir2 or other sirtuin genes—which are present in all animals,jncluding humans—are responsible for the health benefits of calorie restriction, perhaps by repairing our dna.

规划分析：本句是一个复合句。主句是today many researchers suspect; that sir2 or other… by repairing our dna, 是that引导的一个宾语从句，来做suspect的宾语; which are present…humans是一个which引导的定语从句，来润饰sir2 or other sirtuin genes, 一起其本身也是一个被逼句；including humans是如今分词短语作后置 定语，来润饰all animals.

参阅译文：许多研讨者置疑sir2基因或其他一些蛋白基因是经过对受损细胞的批改来抵达这种作用的。

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